Комментарии: PAK *ć̣aḳá (from the PWC variant *ć̣ʷVḳ́V); Ub. ć̣ǝḳ́ (< *ć̣Vḳ́ʷV). The Adygh and Ub. forms can be compared if we assume the common meaning "waste (of fruit, grain)", and a shift of labialisation (not uncommon in roots with two stops).
Комментарии: PAT *č̣́ač̣́a (cf. also Abkh. Bzyb. a-č̣́áč̣́); PAK *źaźǝ́jǝ. The Abkh. and Ub. form correspond very well to each other and can only go back to PWC *č̣́ač̣́a (note that Ub. also has źaźǝ́ja 'kidney', borrowed from Ad.). However, the phonetic explanation of the PAK form is more difficult (we should also expect *č̣́ač̣́a). Shagirov (1977, 200) divides the AK form into the root *źa- and a diminutive suffix *-źǝjǝ; but we should rather think of a contraction and assimilation *č̣́ač̣́a-źǝjǝ > *č̣́a-źǝjǝ > *źaźǝjǝ. In any case, it is impossible to separate the PAK form from other WC forms.
Комментарии: PAK *č̣́ǝ- (preserved in Ad. pǝ-č̣́ǝ-) / *č̣́ǝ-ḳǝ-, used only with preverbs (besides pǝ- cf. also Ad. gʷa-č̣́ǝč̣́ǝ-n id.; the compounds mean actually 'to break off the tip, front part' /pǝ-/ or 'to break off the middle part' /gʷa-/). Ub. trans. č̣́a-sǝ-čá-n, intr. č̣́a-čá-n ("it breaks, gets crushed"). In both subgroups the root is used mostly within compounds, but its basic meaning is clear enough.
Комментарии: PAT *č̣́ǝḳʷǝ-nǝ (with a rather frequent suffixed -nǝ). In Abaz. variations: č̣́ḳʷǝn in the Russian-Abaza dictionary, but č́ḳʷǝ-n in Abaza-Russian (both forms are probably now in free variation). Despite Rogava and Shagirov (see Shagirov 2, 125) can not be related to PAK *c̣ǝḳʷǝ 'small' (PAT *č̣́ never corresponds to PAK *c̣).
Комментарии: In Abaz. a compound (with the borrowed ħajwan 'animal'); metathesis is usual for expressive roots of this type. Since there is no Bzyb form, both *č̣ (PAT *ć̣) and *c̣ (PAT *c̣) can be reconstructed for PWC.
Комментарии: PAT *zʷǝć̣ǝ (cf. Bz. á-ź̌ć̣); PAK *ṗc̣ášχʷa. A complicated case. If we assume a metathesis and secondary voicing in PAT (*zʷǝć̣ǝ < *ć̣ǝsʷǝ), the PAT form can be compared to PAK *ṗc̣aš- and Ub. c̣ǝš-, yielding the reconstruction *č̣VšʷV. *-χʷa in PAK and -χa in Ub. can be considered as a second element of compound (meaning probably "grey").
See Abdokov 1973, 65. Since the PAK form can hardly be separated from Ub. and PAT, the inner analysis of PAK *ṗc̣ášχʷa as "black, dark" + "blue" (see Shagirov 2, 50) seems to be a folk etymology.
Комментарии: PAT *č̣a; PAK *č̣́a. Usually these AA and AK forms are compared with Ub. ć̣a 'young, fresh, new': the correspondence is, however, irregular, and there exists a self-standing PWC root *ć̣V q.v. On the other hand, Ub. č̣ regularly corresponds to AT č̣, AK č̣́, and the semantic correlation between 'new' and 'good' is fairly common.
Комментарии: PAT *č̣A; PAK *ža. Ub. and PAT point unambiguously to PWC *č̣́ʷ; reasons for deglottalisation in PAK are not quite clear (regularly *č̣ would be expected).
Комментарии: PAK *č̣ǝ-ʡá (in Ad. a secondary dissimilative deglottalisation). It is harder to account for deglottalisation in Ub.; in any case, the PAK and Ub. forms are obviously related. Cf. also Ub. impers. a-č́ǝ́ 'it is cold'. Despite Shagirov (2, 154) PAK *č̣́ǝ 'winter' .and. *ṗǝč̣́a- 'to freeze' should be strictly kept apart from this root (they have a different root consonant); PAT *c̣ǝʕa / *c̣ǝħa 'ice' also should be separated (the PAT *c̣ : PAK *č̣ correspondence does not exist).
Комментарии: Dumézil (1932, 120) relates Ub. -da in aj-da 'that, another' (cf. also -da- in mā-da-ḳ́a 'where') to Abkh. -da in á-la-da 'down', á-ʕʷa-da 'above' ( < PAT *-da, cf. Abaz. ʕʷa-da 'ascent, climbing'). While this may be true, we would also adduce the AT pronominal (agentive) prefixes of the 3d person singular and plural (*dǝ- > Abkh., Abaz. d(ǝ)-) and probably also the 3d person plural pronoun *da-ra 'they' (Abkh. da-rá, Abaz. da-ra).
In AK the stem is preserved in *a-dá 'there' (Ad., Kab. āda); cf. also Ad. tǝ-da 'where' and the PAK locative preverb *da- (Ad., Kab. da-). See Шагиров 1, 57.
Значение:1 to choose, pick out 2 to put through, to string
Абхазский:a-ḳǝ́l-da-ra 2
Абазинский:ḳǝl-da-ra 2
Адыгейский:xa-da-n 1
Кабардинский:xa-da-n 1
Комментарии: PAT *-da- (only with preverbs; cf. also Abaz. az-da-ra 'to gather' (*'to pluck, pick together'); PAK *-da- (with the preverb *xa- "group, mass"; see Kuipers 1975, 16).
